A Critical Discourse Analysis of Jakarta Massive Flood News in Kompas.Com

: The potential of discourse analysis in interpreting written languages has attracted linguists’ interest to further extend the discussion. This study aims to analyze the headline news of Kompas.com about a massive Jakarta flood occurring in 2019 through the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The study employed qualitative research descriptive using a Van Dijk’s framework consisting of three dimensions: macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure. The data were collected from Kompas.com online news entitled Banjir Jakarta: Normalisasi yang Terlambat dan hasil naturalisasi yang Belum Terlihat (Jakarta Flood: Delayed Normalization and Unseen Naturalization Results) (Kompas.Com, 2020). The study found that Kompas.com used direct diction to present the text and took a stand in the opposition to the Jakarta Governor policy. It was implicitly derived from the sentences and paragraphs analyzed from CDA perspectives. The study concluded that the news provides information to readers and spread thought or understanding of the ideology adopted by journalists themselves.


A. INTRODUCTION
Language is an essential element in our lives that is used to convey ideas that we have both orally and in writing (Evans & Gunn, 2012). Besides, we can also influence everyone from how we convey our ideas to language. Language is the process of learning and every person's experience while interacting with individuals in daily life.
Language passes through the mental and natural mind of the people who use it, and they make the process of absorbing it by conscious nature (Corballis, 2017, p. 232). Human language is different from other creatures where humans use language to gain knowledge and experience.
Today, many linguists analyse newspaper language containing a lack of independence, which affiliates with one of the major political parties (Glaeser, Gentzkow, & Goldin, 2006, p. 190). What is more, Readers have an increased awareness of how the news is manipulated to lead opinions. That is why it needs some assessment or comparison with other sources. Newspapers, in view of the discourse analysis the presentation of news in the newspaper has a political and social perspective (Sivandi & Dowlatabadi, 2016, p. 94). The newspaper has its own mission conveyed to the readers with the news presenter's political and social perspective. Additionally, the news is very vulnerable to manipulation by the information presenter for that reason (Marwick & Lewis, 2017). Discourse analysis is an approach to language analysis that considers texts as part of certain social practices and has political implications on status, solidarity, and distribution of goods and social power (Gee, 1999, p. 9). In fact, CDA examines how texts represent and construct reality in certain ideological systems through implicit messages based on what is said and left unrevealed (Han, 2015). Montejo and Adriano (2018) explored two types of rhetorical strategies, and the rhetoric of both newspapers applied to multiply ideologies. The results showed that small newspapers use the headline to become the main story. Likewise, journalists' subjective approach influences how they present and write headlines using rhetorical strategies.
In the last few years, social media has become everyone's favorite. Everyone uses language to communicate with others around the world. They also use social media to find information, give information, or entertain themselves (Poushter et al., 2018;Ratnasari et al., 2019). Mustika and Mardikantoro (2018) state that news is information presenting about the events that occur in the midst of society and intends to be recognized by many people. The selection of Kompas.com of this discourse is due to Kompas.com as one of the information media widely read by the Indonesian people. It can be seen with the award received by Kompas as the best media in 2017. Besides, Kompas is updated in providing the latest information about politics, social, economy, culture, education, entertainment, and others. Additionally, Kompas also provides online and offline information throughout Indonesia from the regional areas to the city center. The information is also published in various areas of the Kompas office. Hence, the readers can read the news available through information published in their regions. The most helpful part is the readers can easily find the latest information on the compass daily online. People only need to type the keyword Kompas on Google and enjoy as much information as available readers can also download it for free through Google Playstore.
Last year, a massive flood hit Jakarta and the sorrounding cities, and it resulted in submerging many residents' homes, roads, public facilities and several vehicles were also carried by the swift flow of water. Rainfall was extremely high, and it made some subdistricts in Jakarta quickly inundated by turbid water, especially those near the river.
Flooding in Jakarta is very common every year because the Jakarta area is a low-lying area, and it is close to the coast. Unfortunately, this problem is still complicated to overcome by every governor even though they promised that it is possible to solve with this flood in the regional head election campaign. However, in fact, until now, no one can handle it perfectly. What is more, some efforts have been made to overcome it, such as normalization and naturalization, and these two methods are considered among the most effective methods to eliminate floods. Unfortunately, both programs have not been realized properly. For example, normalisation, has not been fully implemented, but can only be partially applied.
A great number of residents complained about this situation because this incident was very detrimental to the people, both economic and health. Many of the residents' furniture is certainly submerged, and some of it are damaged and cannot be utilized anymore. Besides, residents also really need food supplies because they have fled to safe places, and of course, they cannot do many activities. Therefore, many organizations and community groups work hand in hand to help flood victims.
However, this accident shows how good the brotherhood and the unity of the people of flood victims are. Some are willing to spend their time and give some their wealth to help the citizens of Jakarta.
Furthermore, it is ironic that there are still many actors that relate to prior regional heads' politics and choices in that condition. Some people shamelessly instigate others that this is due to a mistake in electing a leader. They do not help but instead make the atmosphere more turbid. They are campaigning to bring down other groups above the sufferings of the people. This makes the citizens continue to divide because of the lack of empathy for those suffering from the disaster. Independent media needs to report real information because they are the ones who determine the direction of people's thinking with the content presented.
Several attempts have been made to study of critical discourse analysis in online news. Putra and Triyono (2018) described the micro, mezzo, and macro and the social, political, and cultural situation from the linguistic aspect in Gerakan #2019GantiPresiden di Antara Ambiguitas dan Syahwat Politik text. The research found that Kompas.com headline #2019GantiPresiden has direct diction used in presenting the information. In addition, the movement of #2019GantiPresident is considered as a force to destroy the image of the incumbent because its political rivals always prevent the development of this movement. Kompas.com is seen supporting the government as an incumbent by using diction that weakens the incumbent's opponents in presenting the news.
Another study from Lombardi (2018) investigated a language used in online news headlines to report the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting. This study attempts to analyze 50 online news headlines published by five of the most populer newspapers and the purpose is to know how journalists have chosen the words. The research combined Fairclough's critical discourse analysis with Van Dijk's sociocultural approach. The study showed that despite journalists trying to keep professional values such as integrity and objectivity, hidden meaning and ideologies still appear to describe the violent event and present the victims and attacker.
Along the lines of the above argument, the researchers attempt to explore how journalists deliver the Jakarta Flood news: Normalisasi yang Terlambat dan Hasil Naturalisasi yang Belum Terlihat (Jakarta Flood: Delayed Normalization and Unseen Naturalization Results) (Kompas.Com, 2020). The use of words and phrases present in this news is analyzed through the meaning of sentences used in Van Dijk (1997) theory. The purpose is to reveal the message conveyed more profoundly and the ideology used in the news to influence the readers. Suppose both previous studies above show that there is no objectivity of the journalist in presenting the news. In that case, as the researchers, we want to reveal the meaning and purpose of the information in this headline news.
Discourse is an interaction that occurs through a broadcast site both in writing and orally provided for readers and listeners (Bax, 2011;Brandmayr, 2020). Discourse usually presents information only in one direction to the reader. It tends not to be given a response or comment, but online mass media provides space for readers to respond with the current technological developments. This mass media is obtained through reading, and listening encourages us to be more critical in receiving the information provided. Some of the written information does not describe what actually happened in the field but there is manipulation and spread of certain ideologies (Bax, 2011).
The study of discourse has recently become popular among intellectuals across disciplines, both in linguistic science, sociology, psychology, cultural studies, and so on (Phillips, Sewell, & Jaynes, 2008, p. 770). Initiated from linguistic studies, the development of this interdisciplinary discourse resulted in a variety of concepts and interpretations of the discourse due to the different perspectives of each of these disciplines. With scientific developments change dynamically, the conception of discourse in a scientific discipline is also developing and diverse. Rahimi (2010) emphasizes that the purpose of the CDA is to develop students' thinking abilities in seeing the world carefully or changing things they think are inappropriate. However, CDA is usually used in learning foreign languages such as English, for example, in Indonesia. The weakness of the conception of discourse developed by intellectuals was criticized and reconstructed by other scholars. This resulted in the conceptualization of the discourse never ends (Munfarida, 2014). Itani and Bahous (2019) state that with the development and the progress of the mass media, it needs a more in-depth discourse analysis of the newspaper's information.
Van Dijk (1997) uses a mix of content analysis or structural analysis to find solutions to social problems and their correlations. Discourse is synonymous with the use of language in social, especially relating to the use of diction in language, modality, society, basic semiotic, or dialogue used in daily life (Abdullah, 2014;Eco, 2018). The table below presents the discourse analysis structure of Van Dijk (1997) theory:

B. RESEARCH METHOD
It is a descriptive qualitative research to critically describe the structure of the text within online news discourse. Qualitative descriptive research aims to obtain complete data and describe the comprehensive result in every event experienced by a person (Creswell, 2014;Mayring, 2014). At the data analysis stage, the researchers conducted several steps. In the beginning, researchers read the text from the internet. While reading the texts, the researchers tried to analyze the text critically. Next, the researchers attempted to arrange the data. Then, the researchers took notes and analyzing the discourse using CDA model from Van Dijk. Finally, the researchers interpreted the data and presented them in paragraphs.
Analysing the news entitled Jakarta Banjir: Normalisasi yang terlambat dan hasil Naturalisasi yang belum terlihat (Kompas.Com, 2020)  because it has certain meanings more than the literal meanings. The researchers also looked into the eye-catching words and sentences that a writer or editor used in presenting the headline because selecting suitable words can encourage readers' feeling and attention to read entire news. Then, researchers analysed the words and phrase of the text deeply to reveal the true meaning.

C. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the researchers attempted to elaborate on each stage of the Van Dijk (1997) scheme in discourse analysis. It discusses three steps in describing and conducting the finding of the text of headline news Kompas.com: (Minister Hadimuljono said one of the rivers that will be normalized was the Ciliwung river. Unfortunately, until now, the normalization process has not been fully carried out. At present, only half have been carried out). (Initially, the normalization process was carried out by the DKI Jakarta provincial government in accordance with the enacted local regulations. Normalization is done to widen the river so that water's capacity coming from upstream can be accommodated when the rainfall is high). (This was also confirmed by the Director General of Water Resources Hari Suprayogi. According to Hari, the central government is ready to help the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government cope with frequent flooding. However, the central government needs to listen first to explaining the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government concerning the intended naturalization. The goal is to avoid a conflict in authority and the implementation. "We allow naturalization. We support and must collaborate. I only read it on social media. Water should not be flown into the sea but into the ground. Well, if the flood season comes, it is difficult. I am not sure, "said Hari).  Referring to the data provided above, taken from kompas.com, for news text, it seems there is a problem in Jakarta, namely the problem of flooding. In addition, the efforts which are made by the government to overcome flash flooding have not yet been successful. It can be seen by reading the title of the text Normalisasi Yang Terlambat Dan Hasil Naturalisasi Yang Belum Terlihat (Jakarta Flood: Delayed Normalization and Unseen Naturalization Results). Furthermore, this newspaper explains two methods used by the government in tackling the flood disaster in Jakarta, but none of them are working as expected. In the Kompas.com headline news, there are a number of paragraphs related to drive an opinion that the Jakarta Government has not made efforts to overcome the city's flood problem.

Pada akhirnya, baik pemprov DKI
It showed in the first paragraph the normalization program has been carried out for 33 kilometers. However, the program which has been implemented is still 16 KM, meaning it has been conducted only about half of it. The second paragraph states that normalization is an obligation of the DKI Jakarta government under the Regional Law, meaning that the normalization program does not work because of the Governor's mistake. Furthermore, in the third point, there was a disagreement between the Minister of PUPR and the Governor Anis Baswedan; there was no agreement between the Governor and the Minister on the Normalization program. Governor Anis Baswedan offered naturalization while the minister wanted to carry out normalization. As a result, the agenda of normalization did not work because of the lack of cooperation between governor and minister. However, the government supported Anis Baswedan's idea, but the governor should thoroughly explain his naturalization idea. Finally, it was mentioned that the central government program and the DKI Jakarta government run individually. Generally, this report showed that Anies Baswedan is reluctant to work accordance to the central government's idea. Finally, the accident of fash flooding is accused of being the Governor's mistake. Table 3. Superstructure

Superstructure Scheme
How the part of the text is arranged -The text starts with the general explanation -Then it is followed with the cause of the flash flood and the controversial argument between minister and governor. -Finally, it closes with the idea of the governor about the naturalisation.
Based on the superstructure analysis above, the first section of the text is presented by explaining floods in Jakarta in general. Then, the journalists present the cause of floods which always occur every year, due to the absence normalization program in last years. There was a controversy argument between the PUPR minister and governor regarding flash floods handling in the middle of the text. Furthermore, there is an accusation from the minister to the governor who caused this heavy flood. At the end of the text, the governor's idea is presented about naturalization and its impact on the environment.

Microstructure
In this section, the researchers present the microstructure news text about the Banjir Jakarta published on the online kompas.com newspaper. In this section, the researchers want to uncover the semantic meaning of the headline news content in Banjir Jakarta.
The text presented by Kompas.com is considered to have semantic meaning in some paragraphs of this text. It is needed to understand the text comprehensively.
From the title of headline news Banjir Jakarta: Normalisasi yang terhambat dan hasil naturalisasi yang belum terlihat it can be analysed that Kompas wants to reveal the poor policy of Jakarta governor. It can be seen that the title has a judgemental meaning to Jakarta government where the leader is weak and has no effort to resolve the problem. In short, the title has negative meaning to the reader. Likewise, the text's content has some experts' comments about the cause of flood and tells the governor's reluctance to do the action. It is ironic that the news only presents the policy of Anis Baswedan on solving the flash flood. Readers must tell the history of floods in Jakarta every year. It is known that this year flood is not the first time happening in Jakarta, but it has already happened for a long time. It seems Kompas has a negative impression of the governor.
The text above indicates that Kompas.com attempts to blame the governor's policy of Banjir Jakarta. It can be seen that all programs of the Ministry of Public Works are shown in this paper. This text's content attaches some controversial arguments about coming up the flood in Jakarta. Likewise, in one paragraph of this text tries to accuse the governor of leaving the agenda of Normalization of the river. It seems to indicate that normalization is one best solution to solve the problem. Otherwise, the Governor of the capital city of Indonesia also has another solution; it is naturalization. Unfortunately, the idea of naturalization does not present clearly in this news online; even the idea is underestimated by taking the comments of people who do not stand with Anis Baswedan. It is considered that Kompas.com is an opposition media for the Jakarta government. It can be seen from the headline, which has a negative meaning of the sentence.
Furthermore, this study's result of Jakarta banjir found that Jakarta did not yet have an extraordinary method for dealing with floods. Just look at the late normalization and naturalization results do not show results. It means that both have not had a positive impact on flood resolution in the capital. There are several comments that state the governor Anis Baswedan did not carry out the normalization. It can be seen that it was not finished yet as planned. At other times, governor Anis Baswedan offers the idea of naturalization, which is to put water into the ground and make the surrounding environment return green and certainly useful. Some paragraphs in this text contain the meaning of blaming Anies Baswedan as the Governor of DKI Jakarta because both the normalization and naturalization programs have not been successful. The journalist adds that the provincial government's relationship was not good with the central government, marked by the center's lack of assistance.

D. CONCLUSION
The finding discussion concluded that the online media took the position to be the opposition to Anies Baswedan as Jakarta's Governor. The text presented that Anis was not successful in resolving the flood disaster. However, the statement was not conveyed clearly. Instead, it was delivered implicitly. From the results above, it can be concluded that the news is not only providing information to readers, but the media can also spread thought or understanding of the ideology adopted by the journalists themselves.
Manipulating information with the needs desired by journalists is very easy to do. The media can also make news as a means to attack someone, such as to lower down the personal image or destroy his career. There is no doubt that understanding discourse analysis is quite necessary to receive information more critically and comprehensively.
Discourse analysis teaches readers to get information and provide comments or feedback on the issues presented.