Figurative Language in David Campbell’s Poem “Night Sowing” and Their Translation into “ Menyemai di Malam Hari”

: This study aims to find out the types of figurative language found in David Campbell’s poem “Night Sowing” and their translation “ Menyemai di Malam Hari” and to find out the meanings of the figurative language found in David Campbell’s poem “Night Sowing” and their translation “ Menyemai di Malam Hari”. This study used the theory proposed by Larson (1998:121). In collecting data, this study used the library research method, and the data were collected in some steps to obtain appropriate and sufficient data. The steps in getting the data of this writing were done by reading attentively and accurately with the focus on the figurative languages in the poem. The result of study revealed that metonymy, idiom and personification are the types of figurative languages found in the data source. In translating the idiomatic expression, it needs the proper strategy so that the meaning in the source language can still be maintained. it was a person. Idioms can be meant as a unit


A. INTRODUCTION
People can use written language to represent their feelings and thoughts. Some composers can use figurative language to arrange beautiful sentences in writing their songs. Tarigan (1985:179) stated that figurative language is the language used imaginatively and not literary. Verbal forms of languages can consist of speech sounds, clauses that can be configured into larger forms. Humans can create new expressions and novel utterances by manipulating the linguistics resources in describing new objects and situations (Bloch and Trager, 1942). This research will discuss the figurative languages found in the poem. Bloc and Tragger (1942) stated that a language is the system of an arbitrary vocal symbol through which a social group cooperates. Words or expressions are used in figurative language with a meaning that is different from the literal translation.
Interpretation is needed to understand the message that is represented.
We can also see that figurative language can be applied in short fiction, poetry, and drama in literary works. Syafitri and Marlinton (2018) stated that in poems, ideas and feelings are packed into a few lines. As we can see, there are some types of figurative languages: metaphor, simile, hyperbole, personification, sarcasm, irony, idiomatic expression, metonymy, etc. Each type of figurative language has different characteristics and has a different meaning, too. By understanding the figurative language, we can get the meaning and message, even in the poem. This study focuses on the use of figurative language in the poem. The purpose of analyzing the figurative language in a poem is to know the intended meaning. Idioms are expressions that have symbolic meanings that cannot be derived from the phrase's literal meaning (Jay, 1992). It is described that the idiomatic expression has its meaning that cannot be replaced by one another. The sentence can be described that it has an idiom meaning when it has the intended message. The researcher, by the online idiomatic dictionary, can find the meaning of the idiomatic expression. The translation processes can imply how a translator produces equivalences between a text and portions of a text into another language (Evans & Guo, 2016;Vandepitte, 2008). The translation process can be meant that decoding the meaning of the source text and re-encoding or translating this meaning in the target language (Nida, 2012;Waeraas & Nielsen, 2016). Something can be described and compared to different things to make the situation clearer by figurative language. The idiomatic expression can be related to the figurative sense.
The speakers and addressees can share the same knowledge of the expression. For example, He has a good head. Synecdoche is the figure of speech in which a word refers to a part of something that is substituted to stand in for the whole (Chrzanowska-Kluczewska, 2013). Synecdoche can be meant as a subset of metonymy. In other words, synecdoche is a word that refers to a part of something to mean the whole. For example, She said it to my face. Idioms are mostly made up of famous words. All languages have idiom, especially the English language, which is rich in vocabulary. All classes of people and common to both standard and non-standard speech use them. An idiom is also stated as a common word or phrase that means something different from its literal translation (Hubers et al., 2020;Kessler et al., 2020). The meaning in idiom also can not be understood from the dictionary definitions of each word taken. Idioms can be classified as figurative language.
A hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche with more said that the writer intended the reader to understand. Hyperbole is stated as a figure of speech in which an author purposely exaggerates to an extreme (Aljadaan, 2018;Burgers et al., 2016). The speaker uses hyperbole to emphasize the meaning of the data source. It is stated that hyperbole is used the day to day speech. Hyperbole can use exaggeration in order to emphasize a specific characteristic of something. Hyperbole can fill advertisements, movies, music, and TV shows (Huang, 2020). For example, They turned the world upside down. The word simile means similar. In the simile, the comparison is always explicit (meaning clearly stated). It can be seen that according to Song (Song, 2020), a simile is an explicit comparison by using like or as.......as. The simile is stated as a figure of speech that compares two different things. Similes can be one of the most common forms in figurative languages. Similes can also be used in the literature to make writing more vivid and powerful (Ashby et al., 2018). Similes can also be used to get the meaning quickly and effectively. Similes can be great tools to use in creative language. It is stated that similes are different from hyperbole (Bayat & Kuz, 2020) in which in simile use the words "like" or "as". For example, The moon is like a blood.
This study aims to find out the types of figurative language found in David Campbell's poem "Night Sowing" and their translation "Menyemai di Malam Hari" and to find out the meanings of the figurative language found in David Campbell's poem "Night Sowing" and their translation "Menyemai di Malam Hari". We can see that based on the explanation above, there are two problems in this study, those are: What types of figurative languages found in David Campbell's poem "Night Sowing" and their translation "Menyemai di Malam Hari"?. This study focuses on the types of figurative languages found in the story. Then, it was analyzed by using the theory proposed by Larson. The researcher analyzed the figurative languages found in the story and analyzed the translation analysis as well. The translation was analyzed to know whether the meaning is still maintained in translating from the source language into the target language. In the idiomatic analysis, Jay (1999) states that idioms have figurative meanings that cannot be derived from the literal meaning of the phrase. The idiomatic expression is analyzed by using the theory proposed by Jay(1992). In translating the idiomatic expression, the translator needs to use the proper strategy so that the meaning in the source language can still be maintained. The researcher also used the oxford dictionary to analyze the proper meaning in translating from the source language into the target language. Some types of figurative speech are idiomatic expressions based on Larson (1998), discussed in this study: metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, similes, and idioms. Metonymy is also the theoretical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it. Lawler et al. (1983) stated that metonymy uses a familiar aspect of an object. The intended meaning of the expression of metonymy depends on the context.

B. RESEARCH METHOD
The research in this study was qualitative. All the data were collected directly from the source and emphasize the descriptive explanation because the qualitative research data customarily uses words in a sentence rather than numbers of quantity. The data source is data that contains information about a specific database. According to the need for analysis, this study's data were taken from the poem by David Campbell's Poem entitled "Night Sowing" and translated into menyemai di malam hari. This study focused on types of English figurative languages found in the SL poem based on Larson's theory in his book entitled Meaning Based Translation, which University Press of America published in 1998. The methods applied in this study were library research method and the data were collected in some steps to obtain appropriate and sufficient data. The steps of collecting the data of this writing were explained as follows: The data were collected through reading attentively and accurately with the focus on the figurative languages in the poem. All of the figurative languages found in the poem then noted and written down to make the identification process more accessible.
Some of the figurative languages noted were taken to be analyzed. After collecting the data, it continued with the method and technique of analyzing. There were some steps in analyzing the data. The collected data was classified into its types: Metonymy, Synecdoche, Idioms, Euphemism, Hyperbole, Metaphor, or Simile. The data had already been classified was analyzed by explaining the meaning of figurative language found in the poem. In giving more understanding about this topic, there are some concepts described. Those are the concepts of translation, idiomatic expression, and equivalence.
When we speak of the form of a language, we refer to the actual words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. According to Larson (1998;Verity & Larson, 1986), in translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target language).

Findings
The poem in the SL above is being used figuratively, such as idiom, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, and personification. This study uses the theory of Larson (Larson, 1998), those are:

Metonymy
Metonymy is stated as a figurative of speech in which one word is substituted for another. Metonymy is also theoretical strategy in describing something directly.
Metonymy and figurative language can be stated as typical in everyday speech and writing. Some figurative language uses can be understood as both metonymy and metaphor. The analysis of metonymy as a part of figurative languages can be seen as follows:

Datum 1. Metonymy
Source language Target language O gentle, gentle land O bumi yang lembut, gemulai In translating the figurative languages above, the translator changes the form and the message of the words by using metonymy. We can see the example from the first line "O gentle, gentle land" the translator translated it into "O bumi yang lembut, gemulai". The word "land", the translator translated it into "bumi" which actually is "earth" in English.
He chose "bumi" instead of "tanah" because "land" or "tanah" in Indonesian is the part of "Earth" in general. It can be seen from the text above that gentle is translated into lembut. And land is also translated into bumi. The use of figurative language is to make the reader interested in reading the poem, and the reader can imagine how beautiful the poem is. That is appropriate since the translation seems more familiar and natural if it is compared with the translation in a literal way. In this example, the translator uses the concept in the Source Language (SL) known (shared) in the Target Language (TL), specifically in the way of using reciprocal lexical items as equivalence. According Lawler et al (Lawler et al., 1983), metonymy is the tactic of using a familiar aspect of an object. The intended meaning of the expression of metonymy is found in the context. The speakers and addressees share the same knowledge of the expression.

Idioms
Idioms are a language unit whose meaning cannot be reached from the grammatical restriction of its language. Jay (1992)  language unit whose meaning cannot be reached from the grammatical restriction of its language. According to Jay (1999), idioms are expressions that have figurative meanings that cannot be derived from the literal meaning of the phrase. Idiomatic expression is stated to have a meaning which cannot be replaced by one another. The sentence can be said that it has an idiom meaning when it has the intended message. The researchers by online idiomatic dictionary could find the meaning of the idiomatic expressions. The translator already translated the idiomatic expression the green ear into benih hijau.

Datum 3. Idiom
Source language Target language The furrows run with night Malam mengalir sepanjang tanah bajakan The meaning of the idiomatic expression the furrows run with night can not be predicted from the words combined. It will not be acceptable if this expression is translated literally, such as alur berjalan pada malam hari into the target language. So the translator considered using figurative meaning. Idioms are a language unit whose meaning cannot be reached from the grammatical restriction of its language. According to Jay (1992), idioms are expressions that have figurative meanings that cannot be derived from the literal meaning of the phrase. Idiomatic expression is stated to have a meaning which cannot be replaced by one another. The sentence can be said that it has an idiom meaning when it has the intended message. The researchers by online idiomatic dictionary could find the meaning of the idiomatic expressions. The translator already translated the idiomatic expression from the source language into the target language. The expression the furrows run with night was translated idiomatically into figurative expression malam mengalir sepanjang tanah bajakan.

Datum 4. Idiom
Source language Target language The moon has crisped the fallow Bulan mengerontangkan tanah yang dibalikkan The meaning of the idiomatic expression the moon has crisped the fallow can not be predicted from the words that combined them. It will not be accepted if this expression is translated literally, such as bulan mengerontang tanah yang dibalikkan in the target language. Therefore, the translator considered using figurative meaning. The expression the moon has crisped the fallow was translated idiomatically into figurative expression bulan mengerontangkan tanah yang dibalikkan. Besides, some expressions show personification, attributing animation to something inanimate, treating a thing or abstract quality as though it was a person. Idioms can be meant as a language unit whose meaning cannot be reached from the grammatical restriction of its language. According to Jay (1992), idioms are expressions that have figurative meanings that cannot be derived from the literal meaning of the phrase. Idiomatic expression is stated to have a meaning which cannot be replaced by one another. The sentence can be said that it has an idiom meaning when it has the intended message. The researchers by online idiomatic dictionary could find the meaning of the idiomatic expressions. The translator already translated the idiomatic expression the moon has crisped the fallow into bulan mengerontang tanah yang dibalikkan. Personification can serve the purpose of giving deeper meanings found in literary texts. Writers can rely on personification to bring inanimate things to life.
Personification is a figure of speech in which no-living objects can be described to seem like people. The art also states that personification can represent on the non-human thing Considering the definition of personification in the above data shows that the land is treated as human. The word 'gentle' is translated into 'lembut' and 'gemulai. Based on the Oxford Online Dictionary (Press, 2014) the word gentle is defined as having or showing a mild, kind, or tender temperament or character or moderate in action, effect, or degree; not firm or violent. It can be seen that gentle is the word to signify the character of humans. However, this translation is acceptable in the target language because the meaning in the SL has been transferred to the TL. Besides, this personification expression is the way to attract the target reader and adding the value of the beauty of the language in this particular poem.

Source language Target language
Stars draw their harrows over Bintang-bintang menyeret garunya As per the above data, it can be seen that the action verb 'draw' is translated into the action verb in bahasa Indonesia 'menyeret'. Commonly, this action verb is used by the animate subject while as it is known that stars are inanimate subjects. In this case, the inanimate subjects can use the action verbs because it belongs to personification expression which treats the inanimate thing as the animate one. However, the message in the SL is retained in the TL, and personification expression gives a more profound sense of the language in the target text. It is stated that personification can serve the purpose of giving deeper meanings found in literary texts. From the above data, we can also see that writers can rely on personification to bring inanimate things to life. Personification can be described as a figure of speech in which no-living objects can be described to seem like people. It is also stated on art that personification can represent on a non-human thing as if it were human. Personification can also be found in the animals' stories as the draw is translated into menyeret.

Source language Target language
Dews send their melting rain Embun mengirimkan lelehan hujan The above data does not make sense when the dews can send the melting rain because it is inanimate. However, it makes sense in this case because it is traced through the personification expression point of view. The verb send is translated into mengirimkan which is an action verb used by the animate subject. However, as defined in personification expression, this way is chosen especially for the language of poems to attract the target reader to read and show the beauty of the poetic language. As we can see, personification can give deeper meanings found in literary texts. Writers can rely on personification to bring inanimate things to life. Personification is a figure of speech in which no-living objects can be described to seem like people. The art also states that personification can represent on the non-human thing as if it were human. Personification can also be found in the animals' stories. It can be seen that the verb send is translated into mengirimkan.

Discussion
Metonymy and idiom are types of figurative languages found in the data source. They are analyzed by using the theory proposed by Larson (1998). Translation analysis was also discussed in finding the proper meaning in translating the source language into the target language. Personification is the type of figurative language found in the data source.
It can be seen from figurative dews send their melting rain. It can be seen that the verb send is translated into mengirimkan, which is an action verb used by the animate subject.
However, as defined in personification expression, this way is chosen especially for the language of poems to attract the target reader to read and show the beauty of the poetic language. As we can see, personification can give deeper meanings found in literary texts.
Writers can rely on personification to bring inanimate things to life. Personification is a figure of speech in which no-living objects can be described to seem like people. The art also states that personification can represent the non-human thing as if it were human.
The meaning of translation from the source language into the target language can be analyzed using the oxford dictionary. It can be seen from the idiomatic expression of the green ear. This expression consists of two words, the word green that has the meaning having the color of grass ("Oxford English Dictionary Online," 2011), and the word ear that has meaning part of the body on each side of the head that is used for hearing ("Oxford English Dictionary Online," 2011). Meanwhile, the translation analysis is seen from the figurative analysis in "O gentle, gentle land". Here, the translator already translated it into "O bumi yang lembut, gemulai". The word "land" was translated into "bumi" which is "earth" in English. The word "bumi" was chosen instead of "tanah" because "land" or "tanah" in Indonesian is part of "Earth" in general. It can be seen from the text above that gentle is translated into lembut. It can be seen from the analysis that the meaning of the idiomatic expression the moon has crisped the fallow can not be predicted from the words that combined them. It will not be acceptable when this expression is translated literally, such as bulan mengerontang tanah yang dibalikkan in the target language. Therefore, the translator considered using figurative meaning. The expression the moon has crisped the fallow was translated idiomatically into figurative expression bulan mengerontangkan tanah yang dibalikkan. Besides, some expressions show personification, attributing animation to something inanimate, treating a thing or abstract quality as though it was a person. Idioms can be meant as a language unit whose meaning cannot be reached from the grammatical restriction of its language. Jay (1992) stated that idioms are expressions that have figurative meanings that cannot be derived from the phrase's literal meaning. Idiomatic expression is stated to have a meaning which cannot be replaced by one another. This study is different from other studies as this research study analyzed types of figurative languages and their translation.

D. CONCLUSION
This study analyzes the types of figurative languages found in the story. Then, it was analyzed by using the theory proposed by Larson. The researcher analyzed the figurative languages found in the story and analyzed the translation analysis as well. The translation was analyzed to know whether the meaning is still maintained in translating from the source language into the target language. The idiomatic expression is analyzed by using the theory proposed by Jay (1992). In translating the idiomatic expression, the translator needs the proper strategy so that the meaning in the source language can still be maintained. The researcher also used the oxford dictionary to analyze the proper meaning of translating the source language into the target language. It is suggested for future experiments that the researchers can analyze the types of figurative languages by using the proper translation strategy. Therefore, the researcher can analyze the meaning in translating from the source language into the target language.
Meanwhile, this study already analyzed the types of figurative languages by using the translation theory proposed by Larson. The translation theory proposed by Larson (1998) is considered the best translation method in analyzing the translation meaning from the source language into the target language. For future analysis, it is hoped that the researcher can analyze the figurative languages by using the other translation theories that can examine the proper meaning from the source language into the target language. The researcher can also check the proper meaning in the translation for future research. It is hoped that it can be analyzed by using different methods.