Contrastive Study on Differences in Sentence Aspects between Arabic, Tamil, and English Languages

: This research focuses on studying differences in sentence elements between Arabic, English, and Tamil by exposing similarities and dissimilarities. It uses a descriptive contrastive methodology. This research is based on a theory of linguistics. According to this, the researchers used books, articles, theses, and website articles to obtain the necessary information for Secondary data. It finds that Arabic, English, and Tamil belong to different linguistic families. The Arabic language belongs to the Semitic languages, no matter what, Tamil language belongs to Dravidian, and English belongs to the Indo-European family. In this case, they specialize in specific sentence elements according to their linguistic components. Based on this, there are more differences than similarities. For example, there are differences in gender, numeral, tense, pronouns, adjectives, genitives, and articles. These things affect learning a language as a foreign or second language. This study helps the learners to get the differences between the languages. Learners of Arabic, a foreign language, should pay attention to their own language grammar in order to be fluent in both languages to study the Arabic linguistic system in contrast to the Tamil language for learning a language in the best way and to learn Tamil language in the best way, regardless of their mother tongue to learn Arabic fluently. pronouns and to identify methods that help reveal the similarities and differences between the two languages.This study differs from the mentioned study because this study compares eight differences among three languages: English, Tamil, and Arabic Conjunctions and its uses in Arabic and Tamil languages - a contrastive study by and a paper presented at the Faculty of Arts and Culture Symposium at the of South Eastern of Sri Lanka in 2015, this research seek about conjunctions through their structure, function, and status in sentences and its significance in Arabic language and Tamil language. The research is concerned with studying the similarities and differences between the Arabic language and the Tamil language. The researchers benefited from the paper to define the two languages and know the uses of conjunctions in Tamil language from the structure of sentences and their function. This study also differs from the mentioned study because it briefly discussed convergence. However, in this case, the conjunction is one of eight.

Language has four types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compoundcomplex.
Arabic, English, and Tamil languages belong to a different language families. Therefore, learners of Arabic as a foreign language face difficulties and make mistakes in identifying the meanings of sentences and their translation between these languages due to lack of knowledge and clarity in the linguistic pattern. To determine the similarities and dissimilarities in sentence elements between Arabic, English and Tamil languages, there are several pieces of research on the sentence elements of the Arabic language, in contrast with other languages such as English, Indonesian language, Hausa language, and others. According to the researchers, there were contrast studies between Arabic and Tamil languages in some of the specific topics, which exclude the contrastive study in the linguistic system. It is worth noting that this research is necessary to improve the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language and translate it better.
A contrast study between Arabic and the Hausa language in pronouns, Abd Abdullah, a thesis submitted for a master's degree in arts in Arabic from the University of Jezira, in 2017. The study aims to analyze and research the pronouns through a contrastive study between Arabic and Hausa. The pronouns of Hausa language have a particular feature, unique and different from the Arabic language, but from many languages. The pronouns constituted a fundamental difficulty for the language learner of Arabic from the children of the Hausa, so the researcher decided to study the system of pronouns in the two languages, Arabic and Hausa, a contrastive study to identify similarities and differences. On the other hand, to clarify the problems that may occur when teaching pronouns among learners of the Arabic language from the children of Hausa. He used in the study the descriptive analytical approach. The study reached several results, the most important of which are: that the sentence structure in the Hausa language is entirely different from the sentence structure in Arabic, whereby the Hausa requires that the subject precedes the verb and then the object, and it is not permissible for the thing to precede the verb and the subject, and this is the opposite of what is precedent to Arabic. It is acceptable for Arabic, and this rule has made many who write in Arabic use the nominal sentence because it is closer to his mother tongue. The researchers were able to clarify the structure of sentences in Arabic with the use of pronouns and to identify methods that help reveal the similarities and differences between the two languages.This study differs from the mentioned study because this study compares eight differences among three languages: English, Tamil, and Arabic Conjunctions and its uses in Arabic and Tamil languages -a contrastive study by Shathifa Bint Muhammad Cassim and Shaheqa Farwinn Bint Abdul Rahim, a paper presented at the Faculty of Arts and Culture Symposium at the University of South Eastern of Sri Lanka in 2015, this research seek about conjunctions through their structure, function, and status in sentences and its significance in Arabic language and Tamil language. The research is concerned with studying the similarities and differences between the Arabic language and the Tamil language. The researchers benefited from the paper to define the two languages and know the uses of conjunctions in Tamil language from the structure of sentences and their function. This study also differs from the mentioned study because it briefly discussed convergence. However, in this case, the conjunction is one of eight.

Demonstrative Pronouns in Arabic and English: A Contrastive Study by Sulaiman
Bin Omar Al-Suhaibani, 2015. This research deals with the study of demonstrative pronouns in Arabic and English as a contrastive study. Where contrastive linguistics is one of the oldest methods of modern linguistics and one of the most critical studies in the field of linguistics. It is interested in studying the linguistic system in the various languages, contrasting them with each other, and highlighting their similarities and differences. The research dealt with the demonstrative pronouns in their classification in speech, mentioning the demonstrative pronouns in both Arabic and English, explaining the common ones, their functions and their uses in speech, then analyzing some of the Qur'anic verses in which the demonstrative pronouns are mentioned, and looking at their translation. In order to show aspects of similarity and difference between the two languages. The researchers used this study to determine the uses of demonstrative pronouns in Arabic sentences and the problems in their translation.
This research aims to identify similarities and dissimilarities in Arabic, English, and Tamil sentence elements. This research, therefore, included this question. What are the similarities and dissimilarities in sentence elements between Arabic, English, and Tamil?

B. RESEARCH METHOD
The researchers used descriptive and contrastive methods to implement this study and achieve its objectives. The researcher used the descriptive method to illustrate what the Arabic, English, and Tamil languages contain. On the other hand, the researcher used the comparative method to compare Arabic, English, and Tamil to discover similarities and differences. Furthermore, they constructed their theoretical work using primary data. And collected data by reviewing research articles, proceedings, and grammar books. Finally, they analyzed and systematically compared them.

Sentence elements in Arabic, English and Tamil
The sentence in Arabic originates from several words, according to a specified pattern under syntax, which means parsing and grammatical factors, and the rules for the structure of the sentence are nominal or verbal, affirmaive or negative, informative or constructive. It studies the relationships from the sentence itself and the relations before it and what follows after. The advantages in the grammar of Arabic language are that they are subordinate to the purposes of expression and meaning, and this is clearly demonstrated by the flourishing of the phenomenon of parsing in Arabic language (Naasir, 2013).

Differences in the sentence elements between Arabic, English and Tamil
These differences affect in the sentence elements between Arabic, English and Tamil languages, whether it is a simple sentence, a compound sentence, or a complex sentence (Ayoob, 1985). Each of these symbols must be added at the end of the word, as every noun that is ended in one of them is called feminine. In the Tamil language, gender is divided into five, namely: i. /ɑːɳ pɑːl/ " masculine" -if the name is sane and singular, for example: /sɪɾʉʋən/ "boy". The symbol for gender is at the end of the verbs, for example: /sɪɾʉʋən ʋən̪ d̪ ɑːn/ "the boy came." Here the morpheme /ɑːn/ represents the gender. ii. /pɛɳ pɑːl/ "feminine" -if the noun is sane and singular, for example: /t̪ ɑːj/ "mother". The sign of gender is at the end of the verbs, for example: /t̪ ɑːj ʋən̪ d̪ ɑːɭ/ "the mother came." The morpheme /ɑːɭ/ represents the gender in this sentence. iii. / pələr pɑːl/ "the sane plural is for masculine or feminine," for example: / sɪɾʉʋərgəɭ/ "boys" and / ɑːsɪɾɪjəjgəɭ/ "female teachers". The symbol of gender is at the end of the verbs, for example: / sɪɾʉʋərgəɭ / ɑːsɪɾɪjəjgəɭ ʋən̪ d̪ ɑːrgəɭ/ "The boys and the teachers came". The morpheme / ɑːrgəɭ/ represents the gender in the plural.
The symbol of gender is at the end of the verbs, for example: /mɑːɖʉgəɭ ʋən̪ d̪ ənə/ "the cows came". Here the morpheme / ənə / represents the gender (Ayoob, 1985) At the same time, English language has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. In general, we can say that nouns denoting sex are masculine or feminine and that other nouns are neuter. (Declerck, 1991) i. Masculine: it refers to words for a male figure or male member of a species (i.e., man, boy, actor, horse, ii Arabic language has a specified number system, versa the number system in Tamil language, where the number in Arabic is from the singular, the double and the plural, and in the Tamil language from the singular and plural only. This language takes everything that is not singular as a plural and does not differentiate between one, two and three except with specificity and mention the number, for example: i. /ʷoɾʉ mənɪd̪ ər ʋən̪ d̪ ɑːr/ "a man came" ii. /ʲɪɾʉ mənɪd̪ ərgəɭ ʋən̪ d̪ ɑːrgəɭ/ "Two men came" iii. /muːnd̺ ʳʉ mənɪd̪ ərgəɭ ʋən̪ d̪ ɑːrgəɭ/"Threemencame" In English, have two numbers: 1) the singular number, and 2) the plural number.
Number as a grammatical category of nouns in English. In English, nouns in the singular number are always used either with the numeral one or with an article, the indefinite article a / an which is semantically equal to the numeral one, and the definite article the : i. one / a student or one / an apple ii. the student or the apple In English nouns in the singular number may not be used without an article or without the numeral one. Forms such as student or apple, used without the abovementioned functional words, are grammatically unacceptable. Proper nouns and uncountable nouns, such as Tom, William, Jane, James, London, Washington, love, courage, peace, water, bread, sugar, milk, furniture, etc., are, of course, an exception to the rule. Proper nouns do not take the numeral one nor the indefinite article a / an , but they can be used with the definite article them. (canta, 2016).  Verbs in Tamil are divided into three tenses, which are:

Differences in Tense
1. Past Tense: it indicates action in the past tense, for example: /sɪɾʉʋən pɑːɖət̪ t̪ əj ʋɑːsɪt̪ t̪ ɑːn/ "The boy read the lesson". The past tense is known by different symbols: / t̪ , ʈ , r /.

Table 5. Pronouns in Arabic Language
The following table (6) shows pronouns in Tamil language:  Third person Singular Masculine/ Feminine There is no difference between first person pronouns among the languages. As for second person pronouns, there are special forms of singular and non-singular in both languages. There is no difference between the masculine and the feminine, whether singular or not, and between rational and irrational in Tamil. At the same time, in Arabic language, there is a difference between the masculine and the feminine in the singular and the plural without dual.
The two languages agree in third person pronouns in the use of the singular pronouns to the masculine and the feminine. in the plural, Arabic differentiates as masculine and feminine, while Tamil language does not differentiate between them.
Likewise, Tamil language like Arabic is distinguished by the distinction between the sane in the use of their person pronouns. In Tamil, there are specific pronouns for the singular and plural third person pronouns for insane, but it does not differentiate between masculine and feminine.

Differences in kinds of pronoun:
The following table (8) shows kinds of pronoun in Arabic language:

Kinds of pronouns in English
There are many types and subtypes of pronouns in English. This paper shall identify and discuss with copious types of Pronouns. They are as follows:  (Nkopuruk & odusina, 2018) Kinds of pronoun in Arabic language as the subject, for example: /huwa jana:mu/ "he is sleeping", as objective caes, possessor in the sentence, for example: /ʔaʃuruka/ "I thank you", /qalami: dʒad̪ i: d̪ un/ "my pen is new" Kinds of pronoun in Tamil language as the subject, for example: /əʋən ʲɛɻʉn̪ d̪ ʉɭɭɑːn/"He is standing", as objective caes, possessor in the sentence, for example: /mʊɦəmmət̪ əʋənəj əɖɪt̪ t̪ ɑːn/"Muhammad hit him", /ʲɛnəd̪ ʉ pʊt̪ t̪ əgəm pʊd̪ ɪjəd̪ ʉ/ "My book is new". The adjective precedes the noun in Tamil Language. for example: /nɑːn pɛɾɪjəd̪ oɾʉ ʋəɾəjn̪ d̪ eːn/ "I drew a big fish". At the same time, adjective follows the noun, for example: /ʔna rasamt̪ u samkan kabi:ran/ "I drew a big fish".

The difference in adjective:
At the same time The English language, Adjective consist of single words or someone collection. According to language terminology when several adjectives come before a noun (or when nouns are used modify another noun), the usually have to put in particular order.
In grammar, we say the adjectives 'modify' nouns. The word 'modify ' means ' "change a little" Adjective give a little different meaning to a noun: Ex: Cold weather, hot weather, nice weather, bad weather. It comes in three forms: absolute, comparative and superlative like cool-cooler-coolest.
Their placement is quite different from English where the adjectives come before the noun, as in "beautiful girl". In Arabic their placement is reversed: fataah jameela = girl beautiful.  ii. Possessive Pronouns: The possessive-case pronouns are "mine," "yours," "his,"

The difference in Genitive:
"hers," "its," "ours," and "theirs." iii. Possessive Determiners: The possessive-case determiners are "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their." (The possessive determiners are known as possessive adjectives in traditional grammar.) (shrives, n.d.) (Sabrina, 2009(Sabrina, /2010  In English there are three types of articles: a, an, and the. These used before nouns or noun equivalents. Articles differ as definite articles and indefinite articles. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known. There are certain situations in which a noun takes no article. Examples: the (before a singular or plural noun) Ex: The boy sitting next to me raised his hand. a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound) Ex: I own a cat and two dogs. an (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)Ex:I think an animal is in the garage (Sentance, 2006),

Discussions
Researchers discovered that sentence aspects have different types and structures in Arabic, Tamil, and English languages in this study titled "Contrastive Study on Differences in Sentence Aspects between Arabic, Tamil, and English Languages." This research focuses on eight sentence aspects: gender, numeral, tense, pronoun, adjective, genitive, and article. Researchers funded some outcomes at the end of this research that all three languages have masculine and feminine genders, but English has an extra one, namely neuter. Simultaneously, the Tamil language has three more. Every language has two types of numerals, except Arabic, which has an extra one, namely the double numeral. In tense, Arabic and Tamil have three types, but English has twelve types.
When it comes to adjectives, both English and Tamil place them before nouns, whereas Arabic only places them after nouns. At the same time, by considering the pronoun, all three languages have the same three types of persons, namely first person, second person, and third person. However, there are some structural differences in usage.
Similarly, each language has its own set of rules and theories for constructing sentence structure. Researchers believe that a variety of language families influence these differences.

D. CONCLUSION
According to the discussion part of this research; Arabic, English and Tamil languages belong to different linguistic families. As for the Arabic language, it belongs to the Semitic languages, no matter what Tamil language belongs to Dravidian and English belongs to the Indo-European family. According to this case, they specialize in specific sentence elements according to their linguistic components. Based on this, there are more differences than similarities. There are differences in gender, numeral, tense, pronouns, kinds of pronouns, adjectives, genitive and articles. These things effect in learning a language as a foreign or second language. This study will help the learners to get the differences among the languages. Learners of Arabic a foreign language should pay attention to their own language grammar in order to be fluent in both languages to study the Arabic linguistic system in contrast to Tamil language for learning a language in the best way and to learn Tamil language in the best way, regardless of their mother tongue to learn Arabic fluently. By considering the limitations of this study, it is organized around eight aspects of sentence structure in English, Tamil, and Arabic languages. This research study on eight aspects of sentences in one paper, but doing research in the future under separate headings will help the readers find more clarity on this matter. The results will be colorful by researching all aspects of speech in different articles. The researches should be done in translation difficulties among the trilingual. Researches on problems faced by the Second language